Opioid addiction or Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a growing public health challenge affecting millions of people and their families. OUD is a chronic and relapsing brain disease characterized by the compulsive use of opioid drugs despite severe health and social consequences. With the proper care and a commitment to recovery, healing is possible. District Behavioral Health offers compassionate, evidence-based opioid addiction treatment programs to help individuals safely stop opioid use, manage withdrawal, and rebuild their lives.

This article will explain what opioids are, how to recognize the signs of opioid use disorder, and the different evidence-based treatments available—from medication-assisted treatment to intensive therapy and residential care. 

What are opioids and opiates?

Opioids are a broad class of drugs that interact with opioid receptors in the brain to produce effects ranging from pain relief to euphoria. This class includes both legal prescription medications and illegal street drugs.

• Prescription Opioids: These are powerful pain relievers prescribed by doctors to manage moderate to severe pain, often after surgery or for conditions like cancer. Common prescription opioids include oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet), hydrocodone (Vicodin), morphine, and fentanyl.

• Illegal Opioids: This category includes heroin, an illicit drug processed from morphine, and illegally manufactured fentanyl. Illicit fentanyl is often mixed with other drugs like heroin or cocaine, or pressed into counterfeit pills, which dramatically increases the risk of a fatal overdose.

• Opiates: This term refers to naturally derived opioids, such as morphine and codeine, which are extracted from the opium poppy plant. Today, the broader term “opioids” is used to encompass the entire class of substances, including natural, semi-synthetic, and fully synthetic drugs.

Because all opioids activate the brain’s powerful reward system, they carry a high potential for misuse, dependence, and addiction.

What is opioid use disorder (OUD)?

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is the clinical diagnosis for addiction to opioids. The American Psychiatric Association defines it as a chronic brain disease that involves a problematic pattern of opioid use leading to significant impairment or distress [1]. OUD is not a matter of weak willpower; it is a medical condition that changes brain chemistry and function, making it incredibly difficult for a person to stop using the drug on their own.

People with OUD may start with prescription opioids after an injury or surgery, but over time, misuse and escalating doses can develop into addiction. Others may begin with illegal opioids such as heroin. Regardless of how it starts, OUD significantly impacts brain chemistry and behavior. OUD is diagnosed based on criteria from the DSM-5, including tolerance, withdrawal, and loss of control over use [2]. 

Factors contributing to OUD include genetic predisposition, environmental stressors, and co-occurring mental health conditions like depression or anxiety, which can exacerbate the cycle of dependence. The disorder alters the brain’s reward pathways, making everyday activities less pleasurable without the drug, and it often requires a combination of medical and psychological interventions for effective management.

Symptoms of Opioid Use Disorder

Recognizing the signs of opioid addiction is the first step toward getting help. The symptoms can be physical, behavioral, and psychological.

Physical Symptoms

• Tolerance: Needing larger amounts of opioids to achieve the desired effect.

• Withdrawal: Experiencing physical withdrawal symptoms (like nausea, muscle aches, sweating, and anxiety) when opioid use is stopped or reduced.

• Changes in Appearance: Constricted (pinpoint) pupils, drowsiness, significant weight loss, and a decline in personal hygiene.

• Health Issues: Chronic constipation, respiratory infections, or skin infections at injection sites.

Behavioral Symptoms

• Loss of Control: Using opioids in larger amounts or for a longer period than was intended.

• Inability to Quit: Making one or more unsuccessful attempts to cut down or stop using.

• Time Consumed by Use: Spending a great deal of time obtaining, using, and recovering from the effects of opioids.

• Neglecting Responsibilities: Failing to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home.

• Social Withdrawal: Giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of opioid use.

• Risky Behavior: Using opioids in situations where it is physically hazardous, such as while driving.

Psychological Symptoms

• Intense Cravings: A strong desire or urge to use opioids that can be difficult to ignore.

• Continued Use Despite Harm: Persisting in opioid use despite knowing it is causing or worsening physical or psychological problems.

• Mood Swings: Experiencing unexplained shifts in mood, including irritability, anxiety, or depression.

Withdrawal symptoms such as nausea, sweating, anxiety, or insomnia can make it extremely difficult to quit without medical help. Additional symptoms may involve physical changes like pinpoint pupils, drowsiness, or weight loss, as well as behavioral shifts such as isolation from loved ones or engaging in risky activities to obtain the drug [3].

What are the treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD)?

The most effective treatment for opioid use disorder is a comprehensive approach that combines medication with behavioral therapy and strong social support. This integrated model, known as Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT), is considered the gold standard of care. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, MAT is proven to improve patient survival, increase treatment retention, and reduce illicit opioid use [4].

A personalized treatment plan for OUD typically includes several key components:

• Medically Supervised Detox: The first step is often to safely manage withdrawal symptoms in a controlled medical environment.

• Medication for Opioid Use Disorder: FDA-approved medications are used to reduce cravings and withdrawal, which helps stabilize the individual so they can engage in therapy.

• Counseling and Behavioral Therapies: These are essential for addressing the psychological aspects of addiction, such as identifying triggers and developing healthy coping skills.

• Levels of Care: Treatment is offered in different settings, including residential (inpatient) or outpatient programs, depending on the severity of the addiction and the individual’s needs.

• Support Systems: Building a strong support network through support groups and family therapy is crucial for long-term recovery.

Which medicines treat opioid use disorder (OUD)?

Medications are a critical component of OUD treatment because they help normalize brain chemistry, relieve cravings, and block the euphoric effects of opioids. 

The three main FDA-approved medications are:

• Methadone: A long-acting opioid agonist that activates opioid receptors in the brain to prevent withdrawal and reduce cravings. It has been used for decades and must be dispensed through specialized clinics.

• Buprenorphine (Suboxone, Subutex): A partial opioid agonist that provides relief from cravings with a lower risk of misuse compared to full agonists. It can be prescribed in a doctor’s office, making it more accessible.

• Naltrexone (Vivitrol): A non-addictive opioid antagonist that works by blocking the euphoric and sedative effects of opioids. It is available as a daily pill or a once-monthly injection and is typically started after a person has completed detox.

These medications allow individuals to stabilize, avoid the dangerous cycle of intoxication and withdrawal, and focus on therapy and rebuilding their lives. Lofexidine is another option specifically for managing withdrawal symptoms, though it’s not for long-term use [5]. 

All these medications are FDA-approved and should be used under medical supervision as part of the treatment to ensure safety and efficacy. Research shows that medication for opioid use disorder can reduce overdose deaths by up to 50% when combined with therapy [6]. For oxycodone addiction treatment or similar prescription opioid issues, starting with buprenorphine may be preferred due to its lower misuse potential.

How does counseling help treat opioid use disorder (OUD)?

Counseling helps treat opioid use disorder by addressing emotional and behavioral aspects, such as understanding triggers, developing coping skills, and repairing relationships.

Counseling helps individuals:

• Understand Triggers and Cravings: Identify the people, places, and feelings that trigger the urge to use and develop strategies to manage them.

• Develop Healthy Coping Skills: Learn new ways to handle stress, anxiety, and other challenging emotions without turning to opioids.

• Repair Damaged Relationships: Through family therapy, individuals can work to rebuild trust and improve communication with loved ones.

• Address Co-Occurring Mental Health Issues: Many people with OUD also struggle with conditions like depression, anxiety, or PTSD. Therapy can treat these issues simultaneously, which is critical for a successful recovery [7].

Standard evidence-based therapies include Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), and group therapy.

What is residential and outpatient treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD)?

Residential treatment provides 24/7 structured care in a live-in facility, while outpatient treatment allows living at home with scheduled sessions.

Opioid addiction treatment can take place in both residential (inpatient) and outpatient settings.

Residential (Inpatient) Treatment: 

This involves living at a treatment facility for an extended period, typically 30 to 90 days. It provides a highly structured and supportive environment, free from outside triggers, with 24/7 medical and clinical supervision. This level of care is often recommended for those with severe OUD, a high risk of relapse, or an unstable home environment.

Outpatient Treatment: 

This allows individuals to live at home and continue with work or school while attending scheduled treatment sessions. Outpatient programs vary in intensity, from a few hours a week to more intensive programs (IOPs or PHPs) that meet several days a week. This is a good option for those with a strong support system and a lower risk of relapse.

Both programs often integrate MAT, counseling, and recovery support. The choice depends on the individual’s needs, medical history, and support system. Residential programs typically last 30-90 days and include intensive therapy to remove external triggers, while outpatient options, such as intensive outpatient programs (IOP), offer flexibility for work or family obligations [8]. 

Partial hospitalization programs (PHP) bridge the two, providing daytime structure without overnight stays. Studies show both approaches can be effective, but residential may yield better short-term outcomes for severe cases [9]. 

Opioid Addiction Statistics

• Over 2.7 million Americans lived with opioid use disorder in 2021, with estimates rising to around 3 million by 2023 amid ongoing trends [10].

• In 2023, approximately 105,000 people died from drug overdoses in the U.S., with nearly 80,000 involving opioids [11].

• Prescription opioids, heroin, and fentanyl remain the leading causes of opioid-related deaths.

• Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) has been shown to reduce overdose death rates by 50% or more [12].

FAQs 

How are opioid addictions treated?

Opioid addiction is most effectively treated with a combination of medication (MAT), behavioral therapy, and long-term support. The medication helps stabilize the body and reduce cravings, while therapy addresses the psychological root causes of the addiction.

What are the four most common signs of opioid abuse?

The four most common signs are intense cravings, developing a tolerance (needing more to get the same effect), experiencing withdrawal symptoms when not using, and an inability to stop using despite adverse consequences.

Can your brain recover from opioid addiction?

Yes, the brain has a remarkable ability to heal, but it takes time and professional treatment. Medications used in MAT help repair and normalize brain function, while therapy helps rebuild healthy thought patterns and behaviors.

Which drug is commonly used to treat opioid addiction?

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone are the three most common and effective medications for treating opioid addiction. The best choice depends on an individual’s specific medical history and treatment goals.

Get Help for Opioid Addiction at District Behavioral Health

At District Behavioral Health Group, we provide evidence-based care for individuals struggling with opioid addiction and co-occurring mental health challenges. Our nationwide recovery network ensures a clear, connected treatment path, offering support at every stage of recovery. From detox to long-term outpatient care, our programs are designed to restore health, stability, and independence.

Our comprehensive programming includes:

• Medication-Assisted Detox: Safe, medically supervised detox to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms.

• Crisis Intervention & Stabilization: Immediate care to ensure safety during moments of crisis.

• Inpatient & Residential Programs: 24/7 structured treatment with therapy, medical support, and daily routines in a healing environment.

• Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHP): Intensive daytime therapy without overnight stays.

• Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOP): Flexible part-time treatment balancing therapy with daily life.

• Outpatient Programs (OP): Continued therapy to maintain recovery while living independently.

If you or someone you love is struggling with opioid addiction, call our caring team today at (888) 707-6073 and begin the path toward recovery.

Sources

[1] https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/opioid-use-disorder

[2] https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/education-docs/dsm-5-dx-oud-8-28-2017.pdf

[3] https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/opioid-use-disorder

[4]https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/medications-to-treat-opioid-addiction/overview

[5] https://medlineplus.gov/opioidusedisorderoudtreatment.html

[6] https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/treatment/opioid-use-disorder.html

[7] https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/opioid-use-disorder

[8] https://www.rosecrance.org/blog/residential-vs-outpatient-treatment/

[9] https://attcnetwork.org/asme_articles/residential-vs-outpatient-treatment-for-oud-which-one-works-best/

[10] https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35323/NationalSurveyonDrugUseandHealthNSDUHAnnualNationalReport2021.pdf

[11] https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/deaths/index.html

[12]https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/publications/asam-opioid-patient-piece_-5bopt2-5d_3d.pdf